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Friday, August 15, 2014

England

Britain is divided into: England - Scotland - Wales - Northern Ireland.

England begin its capital .. London .. It is the largest and most famous cities: Newcastle - Manchester - Liverpool - Leeds - Hvlad

Britain's population of almost 60 million ..

Almessahh..344.101

London

Currency British pound




The area of ​​the City of London nearly 26 km² curve on both sides of the north and south of the River Thames.
This area represents the most congested areas in London, and can be divided into central London to three main areas:
1 city.
2 West End area.
3 South West.
London extends a distance of about 40 km along the banks of the River Thames and an average height of 62 meters above
The surface of the sea. The city was founded originally on the north bank. Bridge was the Tower of London over
Many times the only bridge that connects the two banks of the city together. The city center, the business district
And important streets on the north bank of the river. Build bridges with other rail lines extending
Rail.


The climate of the City of London

City located in a moderate climatic zone. Summer is usually warm and cool winter
But the temperature of not less than zero Celsius. The month of July is the hottest months,
Where the average temperature is about 16.3 degrees Celsius while it is 3.9 degree Celsius in the month of
January, which is the coldest months of the year round. Recorded in London in the summer of
In 2003 the highest temperature in the city's history, then reached 37.9 degrees Miaah.

Administration

Since 1965 and until 1986 was the management of the rule of the Greater London area consists of 32 departments
In addition to managing the rule of the city and the local council of Greater London, and it was the local council for London
Great body has the authority to rule on the departments in circles, and the management of the rule of the city, as was the Council
Also responsible for the overall planning of the city, and paving roads, and supervision of the traffic,
And fire services.
But the local council of the Greater London has been repealed by Act of Parliament, became effective from 1986.
Now, the 32 government departments in department management and governance of the city, is based on the management of the London area
Major.

Other public bodies in the City of London

Regional Transportation Authority provides many of London's public transport services, and appoints the members of the British government
This body, as also appoints the members of the Port of London Authority, which controls the navigational activities.
It is also the power of governmental bodies of the Metropolitan Police, which conducts protection to both the London area
Great, except for the city, based in Niuskutlayerd, and the city police force of its own.

Residents of the City of London

London City ample space to the extent that most of the population of London are preparing themselves belong to neighborhoods such as
Chelsea neighborhood, or SoHo neighborhood, or Hampstead neighborhood. It was in these neighborhoods time
Separate communities, and still retains many of which are distinctive in nature.

Ratios and debt

According to custom, the population of London (people) are Alecoqnaon, and residents of London are the people who were born
Over the ears of the church bells of St Mary's lipo, a historic church in the city,
But what distinguishes the public more, are distinctive dialect they use.
London's population embraces many religions and sects of Christianity, Some belonging to the Church of England,
Or to other Protestant churches, including those belonging to the Roman Catholic Church,
And live in London, also the proportion of Muslims and Jews.

Residential areas and housing

Most of the residents living in the London suburbs, which are located in the departments of Foreign Affairs of London, such as Barnet,
And Croydon, and Hafranj, and Hounslow, and these departments are located at a distance from the city center.
And located the oldest residential areas, and the most crowded in the inner circles of London, and the surrounding areas
The city, and Balaust End directly, such as Hammersmith, and Azelnjton, and South Arch, and Torhammelts.
Most of the poor and immigrants living in London in rented houses and apartments in these areas,
But some of these neighborhoods turned into an upscale residential areas, and different style of housing in each city
Westminster, and Kensington and Chelsea circle him in the inner circles, where there is the pattern of housing
Poor. Westminster includes most areas of the West End, and the lives of many of the wealthy families of London,
Apartments in expensive of prices, especially upscale Mayfair. This extends the neighborhood's booming trend
Towards the north-west district of Hampstead, in the circle of Camden, where there are many luxury homes,
There is a lot of the city's houses, or apartments, with the exception of a large residential area called area
Barbican established in the sixties and seventies of the twentieth century.

Of the most famous landmarks of London:

Tower Baگ between: also known as the clock tower to the presence of the famous Big Ben clock in it.
Bridge Tower of London: the first bridge built in the city over the River Thames.
Cathedral of St. Paul: The most important church in London.
Westminster Abbey: the tombs of the kings of his country.
Building the British Parliament: which contains the House of Commons and House of Lords.
City Hall, London.
Piccadilly Circus.
royal palaces in St. James, Kingston and Buckingham.
Madame Tesod: which is also known under the name of the Wax Museum.

Palaces

Britain's rulers lived throughout the ages, in a number of palaces in London, and was the Palace of San
James headquarters housing the royal family's official beginning in 1698 until the year 1837,
It is situated between St James Park and Green Park. But now it has become the headquarters housing the Royal
Is to Buckingham Palace, and was so since 1837, and palaces in London also Palace
Kensington, in Kensington Gardens, and Hampton Court Palace, in Kingston on Thames.

Parliament and its buildings

Buildings used the parliament at Westminster, as a place to meet the legislatures of Britain,
Namely, the House of Commons, and the House of Lords, and the official name of the Parliament buildings in Britain
Is the new Palace of Westminster. The Parliament buildings established in the mid-nineteenth century
Century, to replace the old buildings, which burned completely in 1834, and has been
Big Ben, a huge time in the clock tower, announces time since 1859.
During World War II, the Germans bombs caused havoc in the building of the House of Commons and then reconstructed
After the war.
One of the main places that not eliminate fire in 1834 AD Westminster Hall,
A meeting room was created in 1099, and remodeled during the late fourth century
Century, and is located near the center of the Parliament buildings.

Fields in the City of London

Most areas in the West End of London on a series of fields, the most famous Trafalgar Square,
And rising up the column, Nelson, located 56 m to the field, a high granite column, there is a
Peak large stone statue of British naval hero Horatio Nelson.
It is also famous fields fields of Bedford, and Barkley, and Grosvenor, and Russell.

Gardens

London's largest parks are parks property, because it was in the past part of property ownership,
But it is now open to the public. There are five gardens in London property, namely: St James' Park,
Park and Green Park, Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens, The Regent's Park, and is famous for its garden
Hyde Park corner orators, located in the south of Marble Arch. There are more than eighty garden
The other, within the downtown area, or near them. There Battersea Park in a circle and Andzorth,
And by many means of entertainment which includes garden is famous for entertainment. There is also a Kew Gardens
(Kiuajjarddens), and also called the Royal Botanic Gardens, which contain the largest group
In the world of the types of trees, shrubs and various plants and protected.

Other places of interest

The Tower of London is one of the oldest monuments out, it is located on the edge of the city in a circle Torhammelts,
It consists of a group of buildings built around a central tower, called the White Tower, surrounded by
Two walls laptop computers, and the White Tower dates back to the late atheist century. See: the Tower of London.
There Center for Studies and legal practices in the UK in the premises of legal bodies,
It consists of four groups of buildings, squares, located to the south of the city.
There are some important places outside the downtown area. For example, the Department of Greenwich
Containing a group of buildings designed by the architect Christopher rang to Greenwich Hospital
In the late seventeenth century, and there are currently Royal Naval College.  


 Celebrations

Stands guard Buckingham Palace, usually wearing red clothes. On the morning of each day celebration begins
The famous changing guard in front of the front yard of the palace, as the celebration will be held daily to switch guard in
They guard the field of land adjacent to the building knights in Whitehall, and another celebration will be held in the Tower of London,
The guards who guard him from men who dressed in joyful colors, also called by eating meat
Cow. In every evening at the tenth President of the guard tower doors tightly shut,
The keys to the Director of the tower, and this tradition is aged about 700 years.
It is more a celebration celebrations happier Guard review, and the ceremony Lord Mayor of the city.
And review the Guard is part of the official celebration of the birthday of the Queen in the month of June each year,
And it leads the Queen's Guard band and the Knights of the palace in front of the masses, which congregate on the sidewalks Street
Even Square Mall Guard, and there are soldiers Queen review, and raises flag ceremony.
The ceremony will be held in the city, Lord Mayor of the city on the second Saturday of the month of November,
To celebrate the election of the new Lord Mayor, and the new mayor is leading the procession through the streets of the city Mara
He is wearing traditional costume and riding a horse-drawn carriage.

Economy and infrastructure

London lost with the passage of time from its industrial leader in Britain, today is a sector
Industrial only 10% of employers in the city. Play presses and publishing houses an important role in this
Sector. Where workers occupy a quarter of the industrial sector and one-third of the production year comes to London.
Pharmaceuticals, electrical and electronic still play an important role in the city,
But there are plans for most of these companies and factories to leave the city in the future.
Light manufacturing industries are located clothing and food industries.
Is through the Port of London river run 10% of the total imports and exports to Britain.
Become annual economic growth of the city since 1971, 1.4% less than the overall proportion
To the country amounting to average 1.9%. However, the service sector in the city and private banks
The insurance companies are a source of revenue and commercial movement task for the city and for Britain as a whole.
There are major Saudi Stock Exchange in London, the London Stock Exchange,
Which is the third most powerful stock exchange in the world after New York and Tokyo. Lloyds insurance company,
Which is one of the largest insurance companies in the world, of the London-based firm. Visit London every year around
20 million tourists, making the tourism sector of profitable sectors in the economy of the city.
Transportation company immediately Trasport London manages the movement of trains and public buses for the city.
London is the most important center for air transport in the world. The city has five international airports,
And travels annually from 120 million passengers through them. The five airports are Heathrow,
Gatwick Airport, Luton Airport, Stansted Airport and the city's airport (London).
Network Rail underground (subway) in London is the oldest in the world where back
Back to 1863 and today constitute the overall distance of 415 km the longest.
There are eight major train stations in London, the station is Charing Cross Station, Austin,
Kings Cross station, station to Liverpool Street, Paddington Station, St Pancras station,
Victoria Station and Waterloo Station and London Bridge station.

Industry

The main industries are printing and publishing, and the clothing industry, food products, furniture, machinery
Minute. The oldest industrial areas located in the north and east of the city directly, and extends an industrial area
Other along the River Thames from Greenwich in the direction of the east, and is located in the newer industrial areas
Western circles.

Trade

London has been a long time since a major international port and commercial center, and the Port Authority oversees London
Basins for large ships, and 69 km from the sidewalks along the River Thames. In the past, the most important
Shipyards and docks are located in the east of London Bridge and the Tower Bridge, and this is still
Sidewalks to accommodate some of the ships, but the growth of container ships during the sixties require new possibilities
To deal with these containers. These vessels are designed, so that the movement of cargo containers stacked in the
The big boxes, and new sidewalks have been established for these containers,
When Talbrai near the mouth of the River Thames.
Financial investments and the business sector. Longer than all banking transactions, and financial,
The insurance activities of the mission in the city. It is important financial institutions in the City Bank
England, the London Stock Exchange, and Lloyd's Insurance internationally known.

Transportation

The highways and task, and the subway, rail and transfer of more than one million people
Between remote areas and the city center, every day of the workweek, and used some of them
Buses, while others use their own cars. The London Underground is one of the largest systems
Similar in the world and called upon the people of London, the name of the tunnel.
Heathrow Airport is located in the west of London, is one of the most busiest airports in the world, as it passes by about 35
Million passengers each year. Gatwick airport is located at a distance of approximately 45 km to the south of
Greater London area, passing by about 19 ​​million passengers per year. The Stansted airport in Essex is located
Just 48 kilometers to the north of London, and has been updated and provide a new hall in
1991.

Communications

London is the main media center for Britain, as issued by each morning twelve national newspaper,
As issued by Sunday morning of each week eleven national newspaper, and there are headquarters
For the British Broadcasting Corporation, which is responsible for radio and television services national.
There are many independent radio stations bodies also in London.

Education

Most of the schools belong to the state, and under the management of every department in London, manages schools located
Their region, and there are many of London's public schools, which are, in spite of this name,
Private schools, and these schools, Harrow, and St Paul's, and Westminster, but long ages were London
A center for graduate studies and research in the UK, and the University of London is the largest traditional universities in the country.

Universities

University of London is the largest university in Britain and Europe, with about a hundred thousand students and contain a lot
Colleges, which are almost administratively separate from the university. The most important of these colleges:

University College London
Imperial College
Kings College London
Queen Mary
Institute of the London School of Economics
Institute of Oriental and African Studies
Institute of Education
Birbek College
University City
University Maldsks

Brunel University

London Fog or city is the capital of the United Kingdom (UK)
And its largest city. Was built on the River Thames in south
Britain, live in the city of about 7.5 million people,
About 2.7 of them in the neighborhoods of inner London. With a population of
With its suburbs 12599561 inhabitants (Statistics 01.01.2005),
It is therefore in this largest city in Europe (without Russia and Turkey), and one of the most important
Centers of political, economic and cultural. The current form of the administrative division
London in April / April 1965 with the founding of Greater London, and there in the city
A large number of universities, colleges, museums, theaters, and take a lot of
International organizations and international companies

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